Unified China and Divided Europe

Unified China and Divided Europe

This paper studies the causes and consequences of political centralization and fragmentation in China and Europe. We argue that the severe and unidirectional threat of external invasion fostered political centralization in China while Europe faced a wider variety of smaller external threats and remained politically fragmented. We test our hypothesis using data on the frequency of nomadic attack...

Europe-China Grid Internetworking

Universität Innsbruck, UIBK, Austria University of Zürich, UniZH, Switzerland Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique, INRIA, France Lancaster University, ULANC, U.K. Justinmind, JIM, Spain EXIS IT ltd, Greece University of Surrey, UniS, U.K. Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, BUPT, China Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISCAS, China Chi...

Computational Divided Differencing and Divided-Difference Arithmetics

Tools for computational differentiation transform a program that computes a numerical function F(x) into a related program that computes F ′(x) (the derivative of F). This paper describes how techniques similar to those used in computational-differentiation tools can be used to implement other program transformations—in particular, a variety of transformations for computational divided differen...

different outcomes of hypospadias surgery between north america, europe and china: is patient age a factor?

background and objects the patient’s age at the first hypospadias repair may be an important factor for determining postoperative outcomes. age at the first procedure differs between western countries and medical centers in china. this review examines the differences between the incidence of surgical complications and surgical age in boys receiving hypospadias repairs in north america, europe a...

Combats with VOCs - Strategies and Management in China and Europe